What Is Kyphosis - Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

Definition and Types of Kyphosis

Kyphosis is a condition where the upper back curves forward excessively, giving you a humpback appearance. It can be mild to severe and affects your posture and can cause discomfort or pain.

There are three types of kyphosis:

Postural Kyphosis

Postural kyphosis is the most common type and is caused by poor posture. It’s common in adolescents who spend hours hunched over their desks, computers or mobile devices. This type is usually flexible meaning the curve can be corrected with changes in posture and exercises. While it may not cause severe complications, neglecting postural kyphosis can lead to back pain and muscle fatigue.

Congenital Kyphosis

Congenital kyphosis is present at birth and is caused by a structural anomaly in the spine. This can be due to a birth defect such as improperly formed vertebrae or a genetic condition that affects spinal development. Early detection is key for congenital kyphosis as untreated cases can lead to more severe spinal deformities and complications later in life. Surgical intervention may be needed in severe cases to correct the spinal curve and prevent further deterioration.

Scheuermann’s Kyphosis

Scheuermann’s kyphosis occurs during adolescence and is caused by a growth abnormality in the vertebrae. In this condition, multiple vertebrae become wedged together creating a more pronounced forward curve. Scheuermann’s kyphosis is a structural deformity where the vertebrae develop a wedge shape, and the curvature is rigid and cannot be corrected by changing posture. This type of kyphosis can cause pain, stiffness and sometimes neurological symptoms if the spinal cord or nerves are compressed. Treatment options may include physiotherapy, bracing and in severe cases, surgery.

Knowing these types of kyphosis is key to proper diagnosis and treatment. Whether you have postural issues or congenital conditions, our clinic has personalized care plans for you. Our team will help you achieve optimal spinal health and improve your life.

Causes and Risk Factors

Knowing the causes and risk factors of kyphosis is important in preventing and managing it. Let’s get into the different causes.

Common Causes of Kyphosis

Poor Posture

Poor posture is one of the commonest causes of postural kyphosis. In this digital age, many people especially adolescents spend hours hunched over their screens and desks and gradually develop a rounded back. Prolonged slouching strains the spine and surrounding muscles and contributes to this type of kyphosis.

Congenital Factors

Congenital kyphosis is due to structural anomalies present at birth. These can be vertebrae that haven’t formed properly or are fused due to a genetic condition. Early detection is key to proper management and to prevent complications as the child grows.

Scheuermann’s Disease

Scheuermann’s kyphosis is caused by a growth abnormality in the spine during adolescence. This condition makes the vertebrae wedge shaped and creates a more pronounced curve than postural kyphosis.

Other Causes

Other conditions that can cause abnormal spinal curvature are:

·       Osteoporosis: This bone weakening disease can cause compression fractures in the vertebrae and kyphosis especially in older adults.

·       Spinal Infections: Infections in the spine such as tuberculosis can damage the vertebrae and cause kyphosis.

·       Trauma: Injury to the spine from accidents or falls can alter its structure and cause curvature.

·       Degenerative Diseases: Conditions like arthritis can degenerate the spinal discs and joints and cause kyphosis.

Kyphosis is a spinal deformity characterized by an abnormal curvature of the spine.

Risk Factors for Kyphosis

Knowing the risk factors can help in early detection and prevention. Key risk factors are:

·       Family History: Genetic predisposition to spinal problems can increase the risk.

·       Poor Posture Habits: Consistent poor posture over time especially in youth increases the risk.

·       Certain Medical Conditions: Conditions like Marfan syndrome, neuromuscular disorders and metabolic diseases can contribute to kyphosis.

By addressing these causes and risk factors early on, you can prevent complications. At our clinic we practice personalized care, we do comprehensive evaluations and customized treatment plans to manage and correct kyphosis.

Symptoms and Effects

Kyphosis manifests in many ways, physical health, mobility and even emotional well-being. Knowing the symptoms and its effects is important for timely intervention and proper management.

Key Symptoms of Kyphosis

Visible Curvature

The most common symptom of kyphosis is a visible curvature of the upper back. This rounded or “humpback” appearance can be mild to severe and is often the first sign that prompts people to seek medical attention.

Back Pain

Back pain is a common problem among people with kyphosis. Excessive curvature puts too much stress on the spine and surrounding muscles and can cause discomfort and in some cases debilitating pain that can affect daily activities.

Breathing Difficulties

In severe cases the curvature can compress the chest cavity and can cause breathing difficulties. This compression can decrease lung capacity and can make it hard to do physical activities and can lead to respiratory problems over time.

Spinal Cord Compression

Severe kyphosis can lead to spinal cord compression a serious condition that can cause:

·       Numbness: Loss of sensation in the legs or other parts of the body.

·       Weakness: Muscle weakness especially in the lower extremities.

·       Paralysis: In extreme cases kyphosis can cause paralysis and can greatly impact mobility and quality of life.

Emotional and Psychological

Self Esteem

The physical changes of kyphosis can affect self esteem. Teenagers and adults can feel self conscious about their appearance and withdraw from social situations and lose confidence.

Quality of Life

Kyphosis can impact quality of life. Prolonged pain limited physical activity and emotional distress can create a cycle that affects both mental and physical health. Many people with kyphosis experience anxiety or depression about their condition.

Complications

Mild kyphosis left untreated can lead to long term complications. These can include chronic pain, progressive curve progression and increased risk of spinal fractures. Early intervention is key to preventing these outcomes and a healthier spine.

Our clinic treats everyone. We address the physical and emotional aspects of kyphosis to improve our patient’s overall wellbeing and quality of life.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis starts with accurate diagnosis. A full evaluation allows the healthcare professional to assess the severity of the condition and develop a treatment plan.

Physical Exam

The diagnostic process begins with a physical exam. The doctor will:

·       Examine Posture: The doctor will look at the curvature of your spine while you stand and bend forward. This helps identify visible deformity and assess the degree of curvature. Kyphosis is diagnosed by physical exam and screening tests like the Adam’s forward bend test.

·       Check Flexibility: Flexibility of the spine is important as it differentiates between types of kyphosis. Postural kyphosis is more flexible than Scheuermann’s kyphosis.

·       Look for Compression Symptoms: The doctor will also check for signs of spinal cord compression like numbness, weakness, or changes in reflexes.

Imaging Tests

To confirm the diagnosis and understand the cause of kyphosis several imaging tests are used:

·       X-rays: X-rays provide detailed images of the spine structure, to measure the degree of curvature and identify vertebral anomalies.

·       CT scans: CT (Computed Tomography) scans provide more detailed cross-sectional images of the spine, useful in complex cases where precise anatomical detail is needed.

·       MRI Scans: MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scans are used to evaluate soft tissues, discs and nerves. Useful if there is suspicion of spinal cord compression or soft tissue involvement.

Medical History

In addition to physical and imaging exams a full medical history is required. The doctor will ask:

·       Family History: Any family history of spinal conditions or genetic disorders that could cause kyphosis.

·       Previous Medical Conditions: Information on any previous medical conditions or injuries that have affected the spine.

·       Symptoms: A full account of all symptoms, pain, stiffness and any neurological issues.

By using these diagnostic tools, we can accurately diagnose the type and severity of kyphosis. Early and accurate diagnosis helps us develop a treatment plan and prevent further complications.

We treat everyone at Bergin Motion. Our clinic has experienced medical professionals to care for you from diagnosis to treatment.

Treatment

Kyphosis treatment is individualised to the severity and cause of the condition. We have a range of treatments for everyone at our clinic.

Non-Surgical Treatments

Nonsurgical treatments can be very effective for mild to moderate kyphosis. These approaches focus on relieving symptoms, improving posture and preventing further curvature. We have a range of nonsurgical treatments for everyone.

Physiotherapy

Physiotherapy is the cornerstone of nonsurgical treatment for kyphosis, known for its ability to improve posture and manage symptoms. A well-structured physiotherapy program can improve posture and strengthen the muscles that support the spine. Some exercises are:

·       Planks: Planks build core strength which is essential for good spinal alignment.

·       Bridges: This exercise strengthens the lower back and gluteal muscles which supports the spine.

·       Pelvic Tilts: Pelvic tilts increase flexibility and strength of the lower back and help reduce the curvature caused by kyphosis.

A physiotherapy plan is tailored to address current symptoms and prevent future complications by promoting good posture and stronger muscles.

Bracing

For mild to moderate kyphosis bracing can be a treatment option. Braces are designed to:

·       Prevent Curve Progression: By supporting the spine and promoting good alignment bracing can prevent the kyphotic curve from getting worse especially during growth spurts in adolescents.

·       Relieve Pain: Additional support can reduce muscle strain and relieve discomfort caused by kyphosis.

Bracing is recommended for younger patients whose bones are still growing as it can guide proper spinal development and reduce the need for surgery later.

Pain Relief Medications

Pain relief is a big part of kyphosis treatment. Pain relief medications may be prescribed:

·       Over the Counter Pain Relievers: Medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can reduce inflammation and pain.

·       Prescription Medications: In some cases, stronger prescription medications may be required for more severe pain.

These medications can help overall comfort and mobility so patients can do more physiotherapy and daily activities.

Surgical Options

If nonsurgical methods don’t work for kyphosis, surgery may be required. Surgery aims to correct the curvature of the spine, relieve symptoms and prevent long term complications.

Spinal Fusion

Spinal fusion is one of the most common surgical options for severe kyphosis. This involves:

·       Fusing the Affected Vertebrae: Surgeons join two or more vertebrae together using bone grafts, metal rods and screws. This fusion stabilizes the spine and reduces the curvature.

·       Stabilizing the Spine: By creating one solid bone from the fused vertebrae, spinal fusion helps maintain proper alignment and reduce pain.

Spinal fusion is best for preventing further progression of the curve and overall spinal stability. Patients who have this surgery often get significant relief from pain and improved posture.

Osteotomy

Osteotomy is another surgical option for kyphosis especially when the deformity is complex. This involves:

·       Cutting and Realigning Vertebrae: Surgeons make precise cuts in the vertebrae to remove sections of bone and realign the spine. This realignment corrects the curve and improves spinal function.

·       Restoring Balance: Osteotomy helps restore the natural balance of the spine, appearance and mobility.

This is used when other options are not available, for complex spinal deformities.

Indications for Surgery

Surgery is considered when:

·       Severe Curve: The curve is severe and causes physical deformity or discomfort.

·       Spinal Cord Compression: There is compression of the spinal cord which can cause neurological symptoms like numbness, weakness or paralysis.

·       Persistent Pain: Chronic pain that doesn’t respond to nonsurgical treatments and affecting the patient’s quality of life.

Surgery is used for kyphosis when nonsurgical methods like physiotherapy and back braces don’t work.

Key Prevention Strategies

Good Posture

Good posture is the foundation of spinal health. Here are some practical tips to maintain proper alignment:

·       Mind Your Posture: Whether sitting or standing, keep your back straight, shoulders back and head level.

·       Ergonomic Workspaces: Adjust your chair and desk to support natural spine position. Use lumbar support if needed.

·       Frequent Breaks: Don’t stay in one position for too long. Take breaks to stretch and move around especially during long hours of sitting.

Regular Exercise and Physiotherapy

Regular physical activity is important to strengthen the muscles that support your spine. Try to include these exercises in your routine:

·       Strength Training: Focus on exercises that target the core and back muscles like planks and bridges.

·       Flexibility Exercises: Yoga and Pilates can improve flexibility and promote good posture. Specific exercises can help manage thoracic kyphosis by improving flexibility and strength in the thoracic area.

·       Aerobic Activities: Regular aerobic exercise like walking or swimming improves overall fitness and cardiovascular health.

For those at high risk or already experiencing symptoms, physiotherapy can provide specific exercises and techniques to improve posture and spinal alignment.

Avoid Heavy Lifting and Bending

Heavy lifting and improper bending can strain the spine and cause kyphosis. To minimize risk:

·       Lift Properly: Always lift with your legs not your back. Keep the object close to your body and don’t twist while lifting.

·       Use Assistive Devices: When possible, use tools like carts or dollies to move heavy objects.

Regular Medical Check-Ups

Proactive healthcare is key to preventing and managing kyphosis. Regular check ups allow early detection and intervention. Here’s what to look out for:

·       Monitor Spinal Health: Regular visits to a healthcare provider can help monitor spinal curvature and detect any changes. Also monitor the cervical spine during these check ups to ensure overall spinal health.

·       Early Intervention: If kyphosis is detected, early intervention can prevent progression and reduce the need for more aggressive treatments.

Outlook and Prognosis

The outlook for kyphosis patients can vary greatly depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition. Knowing these factors is important to manage expectations and plan a treatment strategy.

Mild Kyphosis

For those with mild kyphosis the prognosis is good. Here’s why:

·       Minimal Impact: Mild kyphosis doesn’t cause much pain and doesn’t interfere with daily activities.

·       No Long-term Complications: With proper management and regular monitoring mild kyphosis rarely leads to serious health issues.

By practicing good posture, regular exercise and regular check ups, those with mild kyphosis can live a healthy and active life without major complications.

Severe Kyphosis

Severe kyphosis however presents more challenges and requires proactive treatment:

·       Complications: In severe cases the curvature can cause spinal cord compression resulting to symptoms like numbness, weakness or even paralysis.

·       Serious Health Problems: Other complications may include chronic pain, respiratory problems due to reduced lung capacity and decreased mobility.

Early intervention is key to severe kyphosis. Surgical and nonsurgical treatments can improve prognosis by correcting the curvature, relieving symptoms and preventing further deterioration.

Importance of Early Diagnosis and Treatment

The key to a good prognosis is early diagnosis and timely intervention. Here’s how we do it:

·       Comprehensive Evaluations: Through physical examination and advanced imaging, we diagnose the extent of kyphosis.

·       Personalized Treatment Plans: Our team creates customized treatment plans that address the symptoms and the root cause of kyphosis to get the best possible results.

·       Preventive Care: Regular follow ups and preventive measures to monitor the condition and intervene early if any changes are detected.

Conclusion

Kyphosis is a complex spinal condition that can affect an individual’s health and lifestyle. From mild back pain to severe spinal cord compression the symptoms and effects vary among patients. So, knowing the causes, symptoms and treatment options is key to managing kyphosis and preventing long term complications. Contact us at Bergin Motion to get help with kyphosis.

About the Author

Juliana Bergin PT is a certified physiotherapist and one of the owners of Bergin Motion. Bergin Motion is a family-run Barrie Physiotherapy Clinic located in Barrie’s Southend. Juliana specializes in orthopedic injuries. Juliana works with high-end athletes as well as weekend warriors. Juliana is part of a team at Bergin Motion in Barrie, Ontario that works with all kinds of conditions.

Bergin Motion

Is a family owned physiotherapy company built by the Bergin family. Our family has served as physiotherapists in the Barrie area for over 30 years, spanning two generations. We are passionate about this community and helping people achieve their highest potential. Book with us now!